the knowledge which he purveys in his arts as a commodity 
rather than as a wisdom.” The printed book will naturally tend 
to become a work of reference rather than a speaking wisdom.

Scribal culture and Gothic architecture were both concerned 
with light through, not light on.

*     The scholastic deviation from the monastic literary 
humanism was soon to be confronted by the flood of ancient 
texts from the printing presses. Four centuries of dialectical 
intensity seemed to end there; but the spirit and achievement 
of scholastic science and abstraction was carried along, as 
men like Clagett have shown, into the full tide of modern 
science.

     The scholastic discovery of visual means of graphing non-